Source:- Google.com.pk
Family Fitness (also known as AmFam or AFF) is a Richmond, Virginia-based chain of fitness clubs, operated by Richmond Fitness, Inc. It has been in business since 1988, and claims 1,050 employees and a revenue of over $7 million annually. American Family Fitness was ranked the 30th largest revenue-producing for-profit health club in North America in 2007, according to Club Industry magazine. As of September 2008, AFF has a total of nine locations, 7 in the Richmond area, one in Fredericksburg, and one in Williamsburg, with a total membership of over 110,000. AFF's mission is centered around providing a positive fitness experience for the entire family, and includes a number of programs targeted at kids, such as the "Kid's Zone" and other specialized youth programs. It also provides workout and nutritional counseling, access to personal trainers, numerous free classes (yoga, cycling, etc.), exercise machines, an aquatics center, racquetball courts, and other similar activities. According to American Family Fitness' most current biographical information regarding personal trainers, roughly 20% (31 of 153 personal trainers) of American Family Fitness personal trainers hold a college degree in an exercise science related field. American Family Fitness usually employs roughly 150 personal trainers, the vast majority of whom do not have any formal education in the field of exercise science, exercise physiology or kinesiology. Furthermore, the number of American Family Fitness personal trainers who do not hold an NCCA accredited personal training certification (currently 73 personal trainers) is essentially numerically equal to the number of personal trainers who do hold an NCCA accredited personal training certification (currently 76 personal trainers).
Fitness (often denoted w in population genetics models) is a central idea in evolutionary theory. It can be defined either with respect to a genotype or to a phenotype in a given environment. In either case, it describes the ability to both survive and reproduce, and is equal to the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation that is made by an average individual of the specified genotype or phenotype. The term "Darwinian fitness" is often used to make clear the distinction with physical fitness.If differences between alleles of a given gene affect Darwinian fitness, then the frequencies of the alleles will change across generations; the alleles with higher fitness become more common. This process is called natural selection.
An individual's fitness is manifested through its phenotype. The phenotype is affected by the developmental environment as well as by genes, and the fitness of a given phenotype can be different in different environments. The fitnesses of different individuals with the same genotype are therefore not necessarily equal. However, since the fitness of the genotype is an averaged quantity, it will reflect the reproductive outcomes of all individuals with that genotype in a given environment or set of environments.
Inclusive fitness differs from individual fitness by including the ability of an allele in one individual to promote the survival and/or reproduction of other individuals that share that allele, in preference to individuals with a different allele. One mechanism of inclusive fitness is kin selection.
Fitness is a propensity
Fitness is often defined as a propensity or probability, rather than the actual number of offspring. For example, according to Maynard Smith, "Fitness is a property, not of an individual, but of a class of individuals — for example homozygous for allele A at a particular locus. Thus the phrase ’expected number of offspring’ means the average number, not the number produced by some one individual. If the first human infant with a gene for levitation were struck by lightning in its pram, this would not prove the new genotype to have low fitness, but only that the particular child was unlucky." Equivalently, "the fitness of the individual - having an array x of phenotypes — is the probability, s(x), that the individual will be included among the group selected as parents of the next generation."
Measures of fitness
There are two commonly used measures of fitness; absolute fitness and relative fitness.
The British sociologist Herbert Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" (though originally, and perhaps more accurately, "survival of the best fitted") in his 1864 work Principles of Biology to characterise what Charles Darwin had called natural selection.
The British biologist J.B.S. Haldane was the first to quantify fitness, in terms of the modern evolutionary synthesis of Darwinism and Mendelian genetics starting with his 1924 paper A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection. The next further advance was the introduction of the concept of inclusive fitness by the British biologist W.D. Hamilton in 1964 in his paper on The Evolution of Social Behavior.
Fitness landscape
Natural selection pushes fitness towards nearby peaks, but lacks the foresight to select the highest peak.
A fitness landscape, first conceptualized by Sewall Wright, is a way of visualising fitness in terms of a high-dimensional surface. Height indicates fitness, while each of the other dimensions may represent allele identity at one gene, allele frequency at one gene, or one phenotypic trait. These options represent three different ways in which the term fitness landscape is used.Peaks correspond to local fitness maxima; it is often said that natural selection always progresses uphill but can only do so locally. This can result in suboptimal local maxima becoming stable, because natural selection cannot return to the less-fit "valleys" of the landscape on the way to reach higher peaks.
Visualization of a population evolving in a static fitness landscape
Genetic load
Genetic load measures the average fitness of a population of individuals, relative to a hypothetical population in which the most fit genotype has become fixed.
Genetic load is the probability that an average individual will die or fail to reproduce because of its harmful genes. It is a number between 0 and 1 that measures the extent to which the average individual is inferior to the best individual.
Family Fitness Fitness Exercise for Women for Men for Women at Home for Men at Home Abs For Kids for Women to Lose Weight Tumblr Photos
Family Fitness Fitness Exercise for Women for Men for Women at Home for Men at Home Abs For Kids for Women to Lose Weight Tumblr Photos
Family Fitness Fitness Exercise for Women for Men for Women at Home for Men at Home Abs For Kids for Women to Lose Weight Tumblr Photos
Family Fitness Fitness Exercise for Women for Men for Women at Home for Men at Home Abs For Kids for Women to Lose Weight Tumblr Photos
Family Fitness Fitness Exercise for Women for Men for Women at Home for Men at Home Abs For Kids for Women to Lose Weight Tumblr Photos
Family Fitness Fitness Exercise for Women for Men for Women at Home for Men at Home Abs For Kids for Women to Lose Weight Tumblr Photos
Family Fitness Fitness Exercise for Women for Men for Women at Home for Men at Home Abs For Kids for Women to Lose Weight Tumblr Photos
Family Fitness Fitness Exercise for Women for Men for Women at Home for Men at Home Abs For Kids for Women to Lose Weight Tumblr Photos
Family Fitness Fitness Exercise for Women for Men for Women at Home for Men at Home Abs For Kids for Women to Lose Weight Tumblr Photos
Family Fitness Fitness Exercise for Women for Men for Women at Home for Men at Home Abs For Kids for Women to Lose Weight Tumblr Photos
Family Fitness Fitness Exercise for Women for Men for Women at Home for Men at Home Abs For Kids for Women to Lose Weight Tumblr Photos
No comments:
Post a Comment